The detection of biomarkers in body fluids has major advantages over the use of tissue markers, which most often require invasive biopsies that can be difficult to perform and potentially dangerous. Discriminating between cargoes associated with extracellular vesicles in body fluids using different approaches could provide insight into disease staging.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) and immunotherapy are important instruments to fight hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Immunotherapeutic approaches include the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting tumor-associated antigens or blocking immune checkpoints (ICB), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T or NK cells.